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Small investors could be big losers if a greenhouse gas reduction plan known as cap and trade becomes law and accounting standards for carbon credits have not been established, according to a new study released today by a University of California, Davis, professor.

In an analysis of pending federal legislation and accounting practices, 51³Ô¹ÏºÚÁÏ Davis management professor Paul Griffin determined that U.S. companies would receive up to $36 billion in climate change allowances next year under provisions of a bill the U.S. House of Representatives passed last year.

But their balance sheets would show only $7.5 billion in allowances using an accounting procedure set by a federal energy agency. Companies also could choose from one of several other established accounting standards, each of which would produce very different results, according to Griffin.

"There will be confusion," said Griffin, an accounting expert at the 51³Ô¹ÏºÚÁÏ Davis Graduate School of Management. "The average public investor will be at a disadvantage relative to a professional investor like Goldman Sachs."

When balance sheets do not give a clear picture of assets and liabilities, investors cannot accurately assess a firm's value, according to Griffin.

"It raises an issue of fairness," he said. "Everyone wants openness and transparency now, and this could move us away from that."

Under the bill now before the Senate, total greenhouse emissions would be capped, and companies would receive annual government emission allowances. Firms with low emissions could sell their unused allowances to firms that have exceeded their limits. The bill thus would create incentives for buyers and sellers of credits to cut emissions.

In 20 years, U.S. firms would receive approximately $700 billion in allowances under the bill.

"These are big numbers that should be reflected in balance sheets," Griffin said.

So far, the debate over cap and trade has been largely about the cost to consumers, the effect on the federal deficit and the impact on global climate change. There has been little discussion of what it would mean for the balance sheets of companies.

"The Securities and Exchange Commission hasn't given any guidance on the debits and the credits that would result from the bill," Griffin said.

In his study, Griffin compiled financial and emissions data of all firms in the Standard & Poor’s 500. Using this data and applying rules that might be used by accountants, he calculated how the financial statements of each of the large publicly traded companies would be affected under different accounting scenarios.

Applying standards used by the European Union, total assets from carbon credits on U.S. company balance sheets would be as high as $36 billion in the first year of the bill, according to Griffin's calculations. However, under U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission standards, the total benefits received from the government would be shown as zero. According to Griffin, companies could opt for a method that allows them to show zero benefit and zero liability from the government credits.

"A large swath of U.S. companies could account for an aggregate economic obligation of between $39 billion and $44 billion entirely off the books," Griffin said.

Download the full study at: .

About the 51³Ô¹ÏºÚÁÏ Davis Graduate School of Management

Established in 1981, the 51³Ô¹ÏºÚÁÏ Davis Graduate School of Management provides management education to 120 full-time MBA and more than 450 Working Professional MBA students on the 51³Ô¹ÏºÚÁÏ Davis campus, in Sacramento and the San Francisco Bay Area. For 15 years consecutive years, U.S. News & World Report has ranked 51³Ô¹ÏºÚÁÏ Davis among the top 10 percent of MBA programs in the nation. Only 35 business schools share this track record of distinction. The Financial Times, The Economist and the Aspen Institute's Center for Business Education rank the 51³Ô¹ÏºÚÁÏ Davis MBA program among the best in the world.

About 51³Ô¹ÏºÚÁÏ Davis

For more than 100 years, 51³Ô¹ÏºÚÁÏ Davis has engaged in teaching, research and public service that matter to California and transform the world. Located close to the state capital, 51³Ô¹ÏºÚÁÏ Davis has 32,000 students, an annual research budget that exceeds $600 million, a comprehensive health system and 13 specialized research centers. The university offers interdisciplinary graduate study and more than 100 undergraduate majors in four colleges — Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Biological Sciences, Engineering, and Letters and Science. It also houses six professional schools — Education, Law, Management, Medicine, Veterinary Medicine and the Betty Irene Moore School of Nursing.