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When ancestral humans walked out of Africa tens of thousands of years ago, Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies came along with them. Now the fruit flies, widely used for genetics research, are returning to Africa and establishing new populations alongside flies that never left — offering new insights into the forces that shape genetic variation.

That's one of the findings from two new papers published this month by researchers at the University of California, Davis, and their colleagues that describe the genomes of almost 200 strains of the tiny flies.

The work reveals strong evidence of pervasive natural selection throughout the D. melanogaster genome, said Charles Langley, professor of genetics in the Department of Evolution and Ecology at 51³Ô¹ÏºÚÁÏ Davis and an author on both papers. That is in striking contrast with what is known of the human genome, which shows comparatively little evidence of adaptation over the last 100,000 years.

The overall aim of the research is to better understand the forces that shape genetic variation, Langley said. Human geneticists are working to sequence a thousand human genomes to get at the same issue. The knowledge from studying fly genetics has and will help in that effort, he said.

"Most of the theory and statistical methods in human genetics were originally motivated by studies of flies, because they're easier and faster to work with," Langley said. "Model organisms like these play a critical role in developing tools and ideas."

The first paper, published Oct. 1 in the journal Genetics, reports the genomes of 37 strains of Drosophila collected in Raleigh, N.C., and six strains from the sub-Saharan nation of Malawi. The other paper, to be published in Public Library of Science Genetics and currently available online as a preprint, describes the genomes of 139 fly strains covering 22 African and one European population.

Drosophila melanogaster, like humans, originated in Africa, and that's where they show the most genetic diversity — just as humans do. The flies are thought to have appeared in Europe about 50,000 years ago, along with modern humans. On the way, both humans and flies squeezed through genetic bottlenecks that reduced the diversity in the population. Over generations, different fly strains evolved quite specialized niches — such as a fondness for colonizing breweries, for example.

But the African fly genomes show that just in the past couple of decades, flies similar to those found in Europe or the U.S. have established populations back in Africa, often in new environments such as urban and industrial developments. For example, where modern breweries and bottled beer have displaced traditional African brewing, "Europeanized" brewery flies have followed.

The spread of those "European" genes is more rapid than if it were occurring by random processes, the researchers write.

"It may be that urbanization and development favor the more ‘European’ flies," Langley said.

51³Ô¹ÏºÚÁÏ Davis is internationally recognized for research in evolution, ecology and genetics. Campus researchers have collaborated on efforts to sequence the genomes of a wide variety of plants and animals, including wheat, rice, cucumber, horses, cats and chickens.

Langley's 51³Ô¹ÏºÚÁÏ Davis-affiliated co-authors on the Genetics paper are researchers Kristian Stevens and Charis Cardeno, graduate students Yuh Chwen Lee, Sasha Langley, Charlyn Suarez and Russell Corbett-Detig, Professor David Begun, and postdoctoral researcher John Pool, all in the Department of Evolution and Ecology. Other co-authors include researchers at Indiana University, Bloomington; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of Florida, Gainesville; 51³Ô¹ÏºÚÁÏSF; Rutgers University; Academica Sinica, Taiwan; and 51³Ô¹ÏºÚÁÏ Berkeley.

Pool, now at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, is first author on the upcoming PLoS Genetics paper, with Langley, Corbett-Detig, Stevens, Cardeno, Begun, researchers Marc Crepeau and Perot Saelao from 51³Ô¹ÏºÚÁÏ Davis, along with researchers from UW Madison and the University of Munich, Germany.

The work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health.