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Climate change is bringing more water to people’s doorsteps. Coasts are crumbling into the ocean. Land is being swallowed by the sea. Rivers in the sky, increasingly, beat down on rivers below, breaking levees and flooding communities. At current climate projections, about one-third of U.S. residents will be affected by more frequent inland flooding by 2050.

How and where do you move an entire town out of harm’s way while also retaining its sense of community?

Flood expert Nicholas Pinter, a professor with the University of California, Davis, and 51�ԹϺ��� Davis undergraduate student James “Huck” Rees have been visiting dozens of small towns across the nation that have confronted those questions and moved their entire town—a concept called “managed retreat”—to escape rising waters.

This is the story of two of those towns. 

Valmeyer, Illinois

On Fourth of July weekend, the residents of Old Valmeyer sit in their front yards and watch the parade.

They sit in their yards, but their houses are no longer there. They were destroyed after the Mississippi River breached a levee and swallowed the town in the great flood of 1993. Only a handful of houses were spared.

But then Valmeyer, located about 20 miles east of St. Louis, pulled off what many towns hit by devastating floods rarely do. Roughly two years after the flood, the whole town moved to higher ground — a concept called “managed retreat.”

New Valmeyer sits above a limestone bluff, less than 2 miles from Old Valmeyer, on what was once a corn field.

It’s an idyllic place, where a baseball tournament welcomes parade-goers in the old town, and people in New Valmeyer wave to each passing car because, chances are, they know each other. Some neighbors live next to their former neighbors in their new houses. A handsome new school helps form the town center. And while nothing can ever be the same, in many respects the town has retained its sense of community while also experiencing economic and population growth.  

Before and After the Migration of Valmeyer, Illinois

Of the 900 people who lived in the old town, roughly 700 moved to the new town, which has since grown to a population of about 1,300.

Small, rural communities don’t often have the resources and political capital to organize a relocation like this.
– Nicholas Pinter

“Small, rural communities don’t often have the resources and political capital to organize a relocation like this,” said Nicholas Pinter, a geology professor and flood researcher with the University of California, Davis.

Much of the credit goes to Dennis Knobloch, mayor at the time of the flood. He worked tirelessly to ensure the community had a voice in decisions before and after the flood, met with government officials — from the governor of Illinois to White House staffers — and helped secure funding for disaster relief and relocation efforts. He told policymakers the move would be “a benefit to future generations and the government not to have to bail out our community” from future floods.

Block by block

Pinter wants to quantify that benefit.

That’s why he and 51�ԹϺ��� Davis undergraduate student James “Huck” Rees have been walking block by block, house by house, across “move towns,” as Pinter calls them. They compare reality with satellite data on their electronic tablets, often finding mismatches. What looks like a house on the screen can turn out to be a shed, for example.

River flooding continues to be the deadliest and most costly natural disaster threatening the U.S. and the world. This research could help answer: How much money do local and federal governments save when towns move rather than rebuild after each flood? Why do some towns successfully move while others don’t? What is the best way to relocate?

The researchers hope their work, funded originally by the National Science Foundation, will help other towns facing similar challenges reduce their risk of flooding and, if appropriate, consider moving out of harm’s way.

‘We’re done’

Valmeyer is considered a success story in the literature of managed retreat, but it almost didn’t move at all.

After the first floodwaters hit in August 1993, the town was going to repair and rebuild. Then a second surge of water came through in September, flooding Valmeyer again. That back-to-back, double-punch often convinces a “move town” to actually move.

“After that, there was a total change in attitude of the people here,” said Knobloch. “Most people said, ‘That’s it. We’re done. We don’t ever want to deal with flooding again.’”

One who stayed was Garrett Hawkins, a farmer and volunteer firefighter. He was 13 when the water came through, flooding not just his town, but his family’s farm and livelihood. They ultimately lifted their house higher but kept it on the property.

“My life was this farm,” Hawkins said. “I had to be close to the land. It’s not like I can just pick up and move my land somewhere else. And it’s home. It’s hard to leave home.”

When the rain comes

It is hard to leave home. Many residents here say the move was a good thing, that they’re proud of how they came together and the new town they’ve built. They also say it doesn’t quite have the feel and character of the historic old town.

Tears well up in the eyes of a former schoolteacher as she remembers the children’s reactions to their temporary classrooms following the aftermath of the floods: The little ones wet their pants; the middle schoolers “played flood” with pebbles in the mud. (“This is your house because the water just goes to here, and this is mine because the water is up to ������.”)&�Բ�����;The high schoolers wanted to pretend nothing had happened.

After 26 years, it can still feel raw.

At least the people here don’t have to be looking over their shoulders when the rain comes.
– Dennis Knobloch

Knobloch drives his truck along the empty Old Valmeyer roads, pointing out what used to be there, creating verbal sketches of structure and community across an otherwise blank canvas of soybean and sorghum fields. 

Here was the school. That’s where the gas station was. Over there is Missouri, and beneath that bluff is the Mississippi River, a full 3 miles from town. And here’s where his house used to be. The house he brought his children home to after they were born. The driveway where he taught them to ride a bike.

But looking back, Knobloch said it’s been worth it.

“At least the people here don’t have to be looking over their shoulders when the rain comes,” he said. 

Odanah, Wisconsin

Whereas Valmeyer had the attention of the president of the United States and The New York Times, and was even the subject of an , the relocation of Odanah, Wisconsin, away from the banks of the Bad River, was all but unknown to the outside world.

Odanah is one of four unincorporated communities on the reservation of the Bad River Band of Lake Superior Tribe of Chippewa (Ojibwe). It has faced nine major floods since 1873, including two during the past two years.

Pinter ran across mention of the town’s relocation in a single line of an academic paper. He dug up a 1955 feasibility study from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, which concluded its relocation was not feasible. But when he checked satellite imagery, sure enough, only two or three structures were left in Odanah, with a new town to the east. If the satellite image was correct, Odanah could be one of the nation’s most successful cases of managed retreat.

“I’m not so sure I’d call it a ‘success,’” Tribal Historic Preservation Officer Edith Leoso told him during a visit to Odanah in 2018.

She confirmed that, yes, in its lumber-milling heyday, more than 10,000 people lived in Old Odanah. By the late 1950s, the population had dwindled to around 300. After the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers decided not to help Odanah move off the floodplain, tribal leaders moved themselves to a new town site 1.5 miles to the east. Now just one occupied home is left in Old Odanah, along with a large, historical Catholic church next to the pow-wow grounds.

The relocation happened gradually and was largely funded by the U.S. Housing and Urban Development Agency. HUD housing was built, offering many in the community their first home experience with running water, electricity, a sewer system or washing machine.

Disenfranchised

From a structural standpoint, the complete removal of nearly all buildings from the floodplain was a clear success. From a cultural and community perspective, feelings about the relocation are mixed.

In Leoso’s view, it was akin to a forced relocation.

“Is finally receiving running water and plumbing at the cost of losing a large part of our culture that we managed to maintain for thousands of years considered success?” she said.

The history of the Bad River Band of Lake Superior Chippewa is one of forced relocations by outside cultures, of burial grounds plundered, and culture and language forced out by religious schools, leaving a legacy of alcoholism, opioid addiction and abuse. Tribal members have often felt they had little say in what happened to them and their children. The tribe is still trying to repatriate remains of their ancestors removed from nearby Madeline Island to make way for a marina.

To some, the relocation of Odanah off the floodplain in the 1960s is remembered as one more example in a long line of cultural dissolution imposed by white, European culture.

“There’s no comparison between New and Old Odanah,” said Gladys Neveaux while sitting in the Bad River Community Center. “We’re living in a white man’s world. Everyone shared in Old Odanah. We had no refrigerators or freezers, so we’d share venison or a huge walleye. The community was so close and looked out for each other. Now, we’re controlled. That’s what it feels like. You assimilate to carry on. We gave up something to get something.”

Unlike Valmeyer, many people in New Odanah rent rather than own their homes because HUD housing is their primary option.

“It’s really frustrating for the people here,” said Leoso. “In Old Odanah, you built your house, raised your children there, passed it down to your children. Here, because of HUD regulations, that can’t happen.”

The Migration of Odanah, Wisconsin

Thunderbirds

And home — not just houses — means so much here. It’s the wild rice fields, the medicinal plants, the venison, the water. Above all, it’s the water. 

According to oral history, their ancestors were told through a series of prophecies to move west from the Atlantic coast to the “food that grows on water” to preserve their way of life because a light-skinned race “would come across the great salt water.” Long before European contact, the Lake Superior Chippewa settled where wild rice grows near the south shore of Gichii Gumii, Lake Superior.

For many in the community, rivers are the veins that run through Mother Earth; water has a spirit that provides for the people; floods cleanse, rather than destroy; and rain and thunder are something to behold, not fear.

“I love storms,” said Star Ames. Her father, Don Ames, was tribal chairman at the time of the relocation. “This year has had some great ones, when you can feel the thunderbirds. The thunderbirds are the ones who bring the thunder. That’s the gift they’re giving us — to clean the Earth, renew and purify.”

While some residents express relief at moving to higher ground — especially after a powerful flood in 2016 — others dream of returning to the old town. Leoso is one of them.

She understands what floods can do. She lost her home in the 2016 flood. Now she’s saving money to build a house on her grandfather’s property — right beside the water.

“I’ll move back and live in a wigwam if I have to,” Leoso said. “It’s where our people have been for, like, ever. The allotment I’m on is my great, great, great grandfather’s. In this place, on this land, only our ancient ancestors are here. Everyone else’s are buried in Europe or somewhere. Our ancestors are here. This connection in this place is where we’re meant to be.”

Lessons Learned

Managed retreat is not a solution for every town or city. But if considering it, community leaders are wise to learn from those who’ve gone before. History and hydrology are intertwined. From the digital blue dots of satellite imagery to the oral histories of the people, the lessons are there for the taking so long as they are sought and shared. 

Such lessons include the need for strong community engagement and input throughout the process, and for the planning to occur well before residents are up to their waists in floodwaters.

“It all comes down to what happens in the week or couple months after a devastating flood,” Pinter said. “Almost every year, rivers somewhere in the U.S. have major floods, levees fail, and towns go underwater. They’re going to say, ‘What are we going to do?’ If you’re unaware of the options, if you’re unaware of the history, the opportunities and challenges, then it’s a random decision. The goal is to create knowledge ahead of time so that, where managed retreat is feasible and beneficial, it’s on the table."